Antireflection films for use with displays

ABSTRACT

An antireflection film and method of making same includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, the substrate being a circular polarizer, a linear polarizer, or a louvered plastic film, an inorganic layer deposited on the first surface of the substrate, and an optically active polymer layer formed by curing a curable composition in situ on the inorganic layer, the polymer layer having a refractive index not greater than about 1.53 over the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm and a thickness of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of pending application Ser. No. 09/026,271, filed Feb. 19, 1998, entitled “ANTIREFLECTION FILM”, and a continuation-in-part of pending application Ser. No. 10/134,150, filed Apr. 29, 2002, entitled “REMOVABLE ANTIREFLECTION FILM”, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to an antireflection film and, in particular, to an antireflection film for use in displays.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] It is advantageous to provide various articles, for example, lenses, cathode ray tubes, optical displays, window films and windshields, with antireflection films which reduce the amount of light reflected from the surface of the article and thus reduce or eliminate the reflections or “ghost” images formed by such reflected light. In addition, it is beneficial to provide various articles, such as optical displays, with protective films and/or antisoiling films in order to reduce the amount of contamination or damage to the surface of the article. For example, optical displays used in devices such as personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), automated teller machines, cellular phones, touch-sensitive screens, flat panel displays and removable computer filters are frequently subjected to handling and contact with a user's face, fingers, stylus, jewelry and/or other objects. Consequently, lanolin and facial oils can adversely affect contrast, color saturation or brightness of an optical display. Scratches, abrasion, smudges and stains resulting from routine use can also cause the optical display to lose resolution and clarity, and sometimes to become unreadable or inoperative.

[0004] Antireflection coatings on a substrate typically comprise a plurality of inorganic layers, for example a metal or metal oxide layer and a silica layer. (The term “silica” is used herein in accordance with its normal meaning in the antireflection art to mean a material of the formula SiO_(x) where x is not necessarily equal to two. As those skilled in the art are aware, such silica layers are often deposited by chemical vapor deposition, vacuum deposition, or sputtering of silicon in an oxygen atmosphere, so that the material deposited does not precisely conform to the stoichiometric formula SiO₂ of pure silica.) Typically, one surface of a silica layer is exposed, and this exposed surface, which has a high surface energy as shown by its low contact angle with water, is highly susceptible to fingerprints and other marks. Such marks are extremely difficult to clean, often requiring the use of chemical cleaners.

[0005] An effective antireflection film is available commercially from Southwall Technologies (Palo Alto, Calif.). This material comprises a 180 μm poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate provided with an abrasion-resistant hardcoat, and then successively with a 17 nm indium tin oxide (ITO) layer, a 23 nm silica layer, a 95 nm ITO layer, an 84 nm silica layer and finally a thin “lubrication” layer, which is formed from a fluoropolymer and is stated to improve the scratch resistance and to decrease the susceptibility of the surface to marking.

[0006] This complex film possesses excellent antireflection characteristics, but is so expensive (approximately US $10 per square foot, US $100 m⁻²) as to preclude its use in many applications where antireflection films are desirable. Much of the high cost of this film can be attributed to the 95 nm ITO layer and 84 nm silica layer, since these layers are typically formed by sputtering, and the cost of a sputtered layer is directly proportional to its thickness. Furthermore, if it is desired to produce large quantities of such a complex film on a production line basis, the need for four separate sputtering stations, all of which must be maintained under high vacuum, results in a complex and costly apparatus.

[0007] It has now been found that by providing a “thick” (i.e., optically active) polymer layer of carefully controlled refractive index above an inorganic layer or layers, the thickness(es) of the inorganic layer(s) can be greatly reduced, thereby reducing the overall cost of the antireflection coating, especially when the inorganic layer(s) is/are applied by a process such as sputtering or chemical vapor deposition in which the residence time of the substrate within the coating apparatus is directly proportional to the thickness of the required layer. Also, an antireflection coating using such a thick polymer layer, which can readily be applied with good uniformity by solution or other coating techniques, has good scratch or abrasion resistance and good stain, smudge, and soil resistance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] In general, in one aspect, the invention features an antireflection film and method of making same. The antireflection film includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein the substrate is a circular polarizer, a linear polarizer, or a louvered plastic film, an inorganic layer deposited on the first surface of the substrate, and an optically active polymer layer formed by curing a curable composition in situ on the inorganic layer, the polymer layer having a refractive index not greater than about 1.53 over the wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm and a thickness of from about 20 to about 200 nm.

[0009] In general, in another aspect, the invention features an optical system and method of making same. The optical system includes a display device and an antireflection film disposed on at least a portion of the display device, wherein the antireflection film includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein the substrate is a circular polarizer, a linear polarizer, or a louvered plastic film, an inorganic layer deposited on the first surface of the substrate, and an optically active polymer layer formed by curing a curable composition in situ on the inorganic layer, the polymer layer having a refractive index not greater than about 1.53 over the wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm and a thickness of from about 20 to about 200 nm.

[0010] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0011]FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of an antireflection film according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0012]FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of another antireflection film according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] The antireflection film of the present invention and components thereof are sometimes shown or described herein using words of orientation such as “upper”, “atop”, “above” or “front”. These and similar terms are merely employed for convenience to refer to the general direction (with respect to the optical path through an antireflection film) towards a normal viewer of a display device. Likewise, the antireflection film of the present invention and components thereof are sometimes shown or described herein using words of orientation such as “lower”, “beneath”, “underneath” or “behind”. These and similar terms are merely employed for convenience to refer to the general direction (with respect to such optical path) towards the film. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the antireflection film of the present invention can be used in a variety of orientations and locations.

[0014] The antireflection film of the present invention can be used on a variety of displays having several display area configurations. Such displays include single-character or binary displays and multi-character and especially multi-character, multi-line displays, such as liquid crystal displays (“LCDs”), plasma displays, electroluminescent displays, vacuum fluorescent displays, front and rear projection displays, cathode ray tubes (“CRTs”), light emitting diodes (“LEDs”), organic LEDs, touch-sensitive screens, and signage. The antireflection film of the present invention is especially useful on displays whose display area is in the form of a viewing screen having a viewing surface that is susceptible to damage and glare during normal use.

[0015] An antireflection film of the present invention can also be employed with a light polarizer, such as a linear polarizer or a circular polarizer, or employed with a louvered plastic film in order to provide privacy, anti-glare and contrast enhancement. Typically, a circular polarizer is implemented as a linear polarizer in combination with a quarter-wavelength retarder. A louvered plastic film is a thin plastic film, such as cellulose acetate butyrate, containing closely spaced black microlouvers that control the viewing angle. The viewing angle is determined by the thickness and frequency of the microlouvers. The layer simulates a tiny Venetian blind to shield out unwanted ambient light and direct the light emitted from the displays. A suitable commercially available louvered plastic film is Light Control Film available from 3M Company (St. Paul, Minn.).

[0016] An antireflection film or an antireflection film with a light polarizer or a louvered plastic film may be employed in a variety of portable and non-portable display devices, such as PDAs, cellular phones (including combination PDA/cellular phones), touch-sensitive screens, automated teller machines (ATMs), wrist watches, car navigation systems, dashboards, global positioning systems, depth finders, calculators, handheld electronic game players, electronic books, CD or DVD players, projection television screens, computer monitors, notebook computer displays, instrument gauges, tablet personal computers, LCD televisions, instrument panel covers, signage such as graphic displays (including indoor and outdoor graphics), and the like. These devices can have planar viewing faces, or non-planar viewing faces such as the slightly curved face of a typical CRT. Typically the display element is located on or in close physical proximity to a viewing face of the display device rather than being spaced an appreciable distance therefrom.

[0017]FIG. 1 shows an antireflection film 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Antireflection film 10 comprises a substrate 12 having a first surface 12 a and a second surface 12 b, an inorganic layer 16 disposed adjacent to the first surface 12 a of substrate 12, and an outer, optically active polymer layer 18 disposed adjacent to inorganic layer 16. Substrate 12 may be a louvered plastic film or a light polarizer such as a linear polarizer or a circular polarizer. The circular polarizer may comprise a linear polarizer and a quarter-wavelength retarder where inorganic layer 16 is adjacent to the linear polarizer. Alternatively, circular polarizer may comprise a cholesteric polarizer, such as Nipoc available from Nitto Denko Corporation (Japan).

[0018] The linear polarizer may be a synthetic dichroic sheet polarizer. One type of synthetic dichroic sheet polarizer is a polyvinyl alcohol-iodine complex polarizer and variants thereof, such as an “H-Sheet”-type polarizer or stained polarizer, the first such polarizer having been invented by Edwin H. Land of Polaroid Corporation and described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,454,515. In general, a polyvinyl alcohol-iodine complex polarizer comprises a light-absorptive linear polyiodide contained within a polyvinyl alcohol matrix. A polyvinyl alcohol-iodine complex polarizer is generally made, for example, by impregnating a film of polyvinyl alcohol or its derivative with an aqueous solution of a light-absorptive polyiodide or similar dichroic dye, and thermally stretching the film several times its length so that the resultant high molecular weight molecules are unidirectionally oriented. By orienting the polyvinyl alcohol matrix unidirectionally, the transition moments of the light-absorptive polyiodide become correspondingly oriented, and the material thus becomes visibly dichroic.

[0019] Another type of synthetic dichroic sheet polarizer is an intrinsic polarizer, i.e., a polyvinylene-based polarizer, such as a K-type polarizer. An intrinsic polarizer derives its dichroism from the light-absorbing properties of its matrix, not from the light-absorbing properties of dye additives, stains, or suspended crystalline material. Typically intrinsic polarizers comprise a sheet of oriented poly(vinyl alcohol) having an oriented suspension of a dehydration product of polyvinyl alcohol (i.e., polyvinylene). Intrinsic polarizers of this kind are formed by heating the polymeric sheet in the presence of a dehydration catalyst, such as vapors of aqueous hydrochloric acid, to produce conjugated polyvinylene blocks and unidirectionally stretching the polymeric sheet prior to, subsequent to, or during the dehydration step to align the poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix. By orienting the poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix unidirectionally, the transition moments of the conjugated polyvinylene blocks or chromophores are also oriented, and the material becomes visibly dichroic. A second orientation step or extension step may be employed after the dehydration step, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,666,223 (Bennett et al.).

[0020] The substrate should be substantially transparent, that is, the substrate should have sufficient transparency or translucency at the intended wavelength and under the intended viewing conditions or viewing angle so that the antireflection film does not unduly impede use and viewing of the underlying display device screen. Typically the substrate will be chosen based in part on the desired optical and mechanical properties for the intended use. Such mechanical properties typically will include flexibility, dimensional stability and impact resistance. The substrate thickness typically also will depend on the intended use.

[0021] Inorganic layer 16 may include one or more layers and may be formed from any of the inorganic materials hitherto used in antireflection coatings. The preferred materials for forming the inorganic layer are metal oxides, nitrides, nickel, chromium, and silica. Preferred metal oxides are indium oxide, titanium dioxide, nickel oxide, chromium oxide, cadmium oxide, gallium indium oxide, niobium pentoxide, indium tin oxide, tin dioxide, and any combination thereof, with indium tin oxide being especially preferred. Preferred nitrides are silicon nitride, titanium nitride, and a combination thereof.

[0022] Optically active polymer layer 18 preferably has a thickness of from about 20 to about 200 nm and a refractive index preferably not greater than about 1.53 over the visible wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm. Polymer layer 18 is preferably formed on inorganic layer 16 by depositing a layer of a curable composition and then curing this layer in situ. The relatively thick layer of curable composition required can be applied with good uniformity by solution coating or other conventional coating techniques. Also, the provision of the thick polymer layer enables the thickness, and thus the cost, of the inorganic layer to be reduced. For example, one embodiment of the invention described below comprises a 19 nm indium tin oxide layer, a 20 nm silica layer and an 85 nm polymer layer as compared to the Southwall Technology antireflection film described above. This embodiment of the invention reduces the amount of material which needs to be sputtered per unit area of the film by about 80 percent, thus reducing the cost of the film by more than 50 percent.

[0023] As will be apparent to those skilled in thin film optics and the design of antireflection coatings, the thickness of inorganic layer 16 and polymer layer 18 in the present invention should be correlated so that the total thickness of these layers is approximately )λ/4 of the center of the wavelength range for a refractive index of preferably not greater than 1.53, e.g., the total thickness should be approximately 135-145 nm when antireflection characteristics are desired over the entire visible range of 400 to 700 nm. Also, the thicknesses of the inorganic layer and the polymer layer can be adjusted relative to each another to produce minimum reflectivity from the composite film.

[0024] In one embodiment of the present invention, the inorganic layer is a metal oxide layer and has a thickness of about 10 nm to about 30 nm, desirably about 17 nm to about 23 nm, while the accompanying polymer layer has a thickness of about 80 nm to about 150 nm, desirably about 110 nm to about 130 nm. This embodiment combines low production cost with good antireflection properties.

[0025] In another embodiment of the present invention, inorganic layer 16 comprises a first metal oxide layer, a silica layer deposited on the first metal oxide layer, and a second metal oxide layer deposited on the silica layer. Polymer layer 18 is then deposited on the second metal oxide layer. In this structure, the first metal oxide layer desirably has a thickness of from about 20 nm to about 35 nm, preferably about 25 nm to 30 nm, the silica layer desirably has a thickness of from about 10 to about 25 nm, preferably about 15 nm to about 20 nm, the second metal oxide layer desirably has a thickness of from about 50 nm to about 100 nm, preferably about 65 nm to about 80 nm, and the polymer layer desirably has a thickness of from about 70 nm to about 120 nm, preferably about 85 nm to about 100 nm. This preferred three inorganic layer structure provides antireflection performance substantially equal to that of the Southwall Technology four-inorganic-layer structure discussed above, while still providing a substantial reduction in production costs, since the thick silica layer, the ITO layer, and the thin lubrication layer of the four-inorganic-layer structure are eliminated.

[0026] In another embodiment of the present invention, inorganic layer 16 comprises a metal oxide layer and a silica layer deposited on the metal oxide layer. Polymer layer 18 is then deposited on the silica layer. In such a two inorganic layer structure, the metal oxide layer desirably has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 30 nm, preferably about 10 nm to about 20 nm, the silica layer desirably has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 120 nm, preferably about 10 nm to about 50 nm, and the polymer layer desirably has a thickness of from about 50 nm to about 130 nm, preferably about 60 nm to about 100 nm.

[0027] Although other techniques, for example e-beam and thermal evaporation may be employed to deposit the inorganic layer(s) of the present invention, the layer(s) are preferably deposited by sputtering or by chemical vapor deposition, with dc sputtering being especially preferred, although RF, magnetron and reactive sputtering and low-pressure, plasma-enhanced and laser-enhanced chemical vapor deposition may also be used. Depending on the substrate used, the deposition of the layer(s) should be effected at a temperature which does not cause damage to the substrate, with the temperature limit varying with the exact substrate material employed.

[0028] As previously mentioned, the polymer layer of the present invention preferably has a refractive index not greater than about 1.53 over the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm and a thickness of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm. The preferred thickness range for polymer layer is about 50 nm to about 130 nm, preferably about 60 nm to about 100 nm. Polymer layers having a thickness within these ranges are readily prepared by depositing a solution of an appropriate curable material in an organic solvent using conventional solution coating techniques, for example slot coating, removing the solvent and curing the resultant layer of curable material.

[0029] It is desirable to keep the refractive index of the polymer layer as low as possible consistent with other acceptable properties for this layer, especially hardness and scratch and stain resistance. The polymer should also be resistant to cleaning solvents which may be used on the film, for example ethyl alcohol, aqueous ammonia, acetone, gasoline and isopropanol, and food and cosmetic items, for example peanut butter and lipstick with which polymer layer may come into contact. Finally, polymer layer 18 should also have good durability, as measured, for example by the polymer layer's ability to withstand rubbing with steel wool. Desirably, the polymer layer has a refractive index below about 1.50 over the entire visible range of 400 nm to 700 nm. To provide a suitably low refractive index, the curable composition used to form polymer layer 18 comprises a polymer of a fluoroalkene, for example poly(vinylidene fluoride) or a vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, such as the material sold under the trademark “KYNAR” by Atofina Chemicals, Inc. (Philadelphia, Pa.). However, since a polymer layer consisting only of a fluoroalkene polymer will typically be too soft to give good scratch protection, it is also desirable that the curable composition include an acrylate with silicone or methacrylate polymer, such as the material “ELVACITE 2041” available from ICI Americas, Inc. (Wilmington, Del.) or that sold under the trademark “ACRYLOID A21” by Rohm and Haas Co. (Philadelphia, Pa.). To promote cross-linking within the polymer layer, and thus increase the hardness of this layer, it is advantageous to include a polyfunctional acrylate monomer (“polyfunctional” being used herein in its conventional sense to denote a material having a functionality of 3 or higher) in the curable composition. A specific preferred polyfunctional acrylate monomer is SARTOMER™ SR399 by Sartomer Company, Inc. (Exton, Pa.). This material is stated by the manufacturer to be dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate. To improve the stain resistance of the polymer layer, it is advantageous to include a silicone acrylate monomer, such as TegoRad 2500 available from Goldschmidt AG (Essen, Germany).

[0030] It is well known to those skilled in polymer science that most polymers have a negative dispersion in the visible range, i.e., their refractive index at 700 nm is smaller than their refractive index at 400 nm. Calculations show that such negative dispersion adversely affects the antireflection properties of the film and hence it is desirable to reduce such negative dispersion as far as possible. The aforementioned KYNAR™ polymer has a low refractive index and small negative dispersion, which render it very suitable for use in the present curable composition. While the desirability of a fluoroalkene polymer to provide low refractive index in the polymer layer and for an acrylate or methacrylate cross-linker to provide hardness in the same layer might suggest that the properties of the polymer layer must inevitably involve a compromise between the two properties, it has been found that, if the formulation of the curable composition is carefully chosen, segregation of material occurs spontaneously during curing, resulting in a polymer layer having an outer portion enriched in the acrylate or methacrylate polymer (and thus of enhanced hardness and stain resistance) and an inner portion enriched in the fluoroalkene polymer (and thus of reduced refractive index). An additional benefit of such segregation of acrylate or methacrylate polymer material during curing is that it enables the cross-linking to occur in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, such as air, thereby avoiding the need for a nitrogen blanket as is customary during thin film ultra-violet curing, and thus reducing the cost of manufacture of the antireflection film. However, a nitrogen atmosphere may still be used if desired.

[0031] The curable composition may be cured by any conventional method, but is desirably cured by a free radical curing, which may be initiated either thermally or by ultra-violet radiation, although the latter is generally preferred. Persons skilled in polymer technology will be familiar with appropriate initiators, oxygen scavengers and other components useful in such free radical curing. However, it should be noted that, because of the extreme thinness of the polymer layer desired in the present process, the type and proportion of initiator(s) required may differ from typical formulations intended for production of thicker polymer layers.

[0032]FIG. 2 shows an antireflection film 10 according to another embodiment of the present invention. Antireflection film 10 includes a substrate 12, an inorganic layer 16, and an outer, optically active polymer layer 18, as shown and previously described in FIG. 1, along with a louvered plastic film 20 disposed adjacent to the first surface 12 b of substrate 12.

[0033] Referring to FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, antireflection film 10 may be provided with additional coatings or layers to improve its hardness, durability and scratch resistance, to improve the adhesion of the various layers to one another or to a display device, or to provide any other desired properties, for example filtration of ultra-violet radiation, infrared radiation, or provision of a gas and/or moisture barrier. For example, the substrate may be treated to improve adhesion between the substrate and any adjacent layer using, e.g., physical treatment, such as corona treatment, including air or nitrogen corona, plasma, flame, or actinic radiation. If desired, an optional chemical treatment, such as a primer coating can also be applied between the substrate and an adjacent layer.

[0034] For instance, protective layers 22, 24 may be provided adjacent to one or both surfaces of substrate 12. Protective layer 22 may include any non-birefringent, light transmitting material, e.g., glass. Protective layer 24 may include any non-birefringent, light transmitting material, or any low birefringent material, such as an isotropic material, e.g., leaded glass or triacetate.

[0035] A hardcoat layer 26 may be provided between first surface 12 a of substrate 12 and inorganic layer 16. Although FIG. 2 shows hardcoat layer 26 above protective layer 22 and louvered plastic film 20, other configurations are also possible, e.g., hardcoat layer 26 between protective layer 22 and louvered plastic film 20. Hardcoat layer 26 provides scratch and abrasion resistance to antireflection film 10 to help protect the surface of a device from damage. Hardcoat layer 26 typically has a thickness of about 1 μm to about 15 μm, preferably from about 2 μm to about 3 μm.

[0036] A wide variety of hardcoat materials may be used in hardcoat layer 26. Hardcoat layer 26 preferably contains nanometer-sized inorganic oxide particles dispersed in a binder matrix, also referred to as “ceramers”. Hardcoat layer 26 may be formed by coating a curable liquid ceramer composition onto the substrate and curing the composition in situ to form a hardened film. Suitable coating methods include, for example, spin coating, knife coating, die coating, wire coating, flood coating, padding, spraying, roll coating, dipping, brushing, foam application, and the like.

[0037] A variety of inorganic oxide particles may be used in hardcoat layer 26. The particles preferably are substantially spherical in shape and relatively uniform in size. The particles can have a substantially monodisperse size distribution or a polymodal distribution obtained by blending two or more substantially monodisperse distributions. Preferably the inorganic oxide particles are and remain substantially non-aggregated (substantially discrete), as aggregation can result in precipitation of the inorganic oxide particles or gelation of the hardcoat. Preferably the inorganic oxide particles are colloidal in size, that is, they preferably have an average particle diameter of about 0.001 to about 0.2 micrometers, more preferably less than about 0.05 micrometers, and most preferably less than about 0.03 micrometers. These size ranges facilitate dispersion of the inorganic oxide particles into the binder resin and provide ceramers with desirable surface properties and optical clarity. The average particle size of the inorganic oxide particles can be measured using transmission electron microscopy to count the number of inorganic oxide particles of a given diameter. Preferred inorganic oxide particles include colloidal silica, colloidal titania, colloidal alumina, colloidal zirconia, colloidal vanadia, colloidal chromia, colloidal iron oxide, colloidal antimony oxide, colloidal tin oxide, and mixtures thereof. The inorganic oxide particles can consist essentially of or consist of a single oxide such as silica, or can comprise a combination of oxides, such as silica and aluminum oxide, or a core of an oxide of one type (or a core of a material other than a metal oxide) on which is deposited an oxide of another type. Silica is a particularly preferred inorganic particle. The inorganic oxide particles are desirably provided in the form of a sol containing a colloidal dispersion of inorganic oxide particles in liquid media. The sol can be prepared using a variety of techniques and in a variety of forms including hydrosols (where water serves as the liquid medium), organosols (where organic liquids so serve), and mixed sols (where the liquid medium contains both water and an organic liquid), e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,648,407 (Goetz et al. '407) and 5,677,050 (Bilkadi et al. '050), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Aqueous sols of amorphous silica are particularly preferred. Preferred sols generally contain from about 2 to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 25 to about 45 weight percent, of colloidal inorganic oxide particles based on the total weight of the sol. Preferred sols can be obtained from suppliers such as ONDEO Nalco Co. (for example, NALCO™ 1040, 1042, 1050, 1060, 2327, and 2329 colloidal silicas), Nyacol Nano Technologies, Inc. (for example, NYACOL™ AL20 colloidal alumina and NYACOL™ A1530, A1540N, and A1550 colloidal antimony pentoxides), and W. R. Grace and Co. (for example, LUDOX™ colloidal silicas). The surface of the inorganic particles can be “acrylate functionalized” as described in Bilkadi et al. '050. The sols can also be matched to the pH of the binder, and can contain counterions or water-soluble compounds (e.g., sodium aluminate), all as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,238,798B1 (Kang et al. '798).

[0038] Hardcoat layer 26 may conveniently be prepared by mixing an aqueous sol of inorganic oxide particles with a free-radically curable binder precursor (e.g., one or more free-radically curable monomers, oligomers or polymers that can participate in a crosslinking reaction upon exposure to a suitable source of curing energy). The resulting composition usually is dried before it is applied, in order to remove substantially all of the water. This drying step is sometimes referred to as “stripping”. An organic solvent can be added to the resulting ceramer composition before it is applied, in order to impart improved viscosity characteristics and assist in coating the ceramer composition onto the substrate. After coating, the ceramer composition can be dried to remove any added solvent, and then can be at least partially hardened by exposing the dried composition to a suitable source of energy in order to bring about at least partial cure of the free-radically curable binder precursor.

[0039] Hardcoat layer 26 preferably contains about 10 to about 50 parts by weight, and more preferably about 25 to about 40 parts by weight of inorganic oxide particles per 100 parts by weight of the binder. More preferably the hardcoat is derived from a ceramer composition containing about 15% to about 40% acrylate functionalized colloidal silica, and most preferably about 15% to about 35% acrylate functionalized colloidal silica.

[0040] A variety of binders can be employed in hardcoat layer 26. Preferably the binder is derived from a free-radically polymerizable precursor that can be photocured once the hardcoat composition has been coated upon the substrate. Binder precursors such as the protic group-substituted esters or amides of an acrylic acid described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,929 (Bilkadi '929), or the ethylenically-unsaturated monomers described in Bilkadi et al. '050, are especially preferred. Suitable binder precursors include polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid esters of polyhydric alcohols, such as diacrylic acid or dimethylacrylic acid esters of diols including ethyleneglycol, triethyleneglycol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-cyclopentanediol, 1-ethoxy-2,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,6-hexamethylenediol, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,6-cyclohexanedimethanol, resorcinol, pyrocatechol, bisphenol A, and bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phthalate; triacrylic acid or trimethacrylic acid esters of triols including glycerin, 1,2,3-propanetrimethanol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2,5-pentanetriol, 1,3,6,-hexanetriol, 1,5,10-decanetriol, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, and 2-phenyl-2,2-methylolethanol; tetraacrylic acid or tetramethacrylic acid esters of tetraols including 1,2,3,4-butanetetrol, 1,1,2,2,-tetramethylolethane, 1,1,3,3,-tetramethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate; pentaacrylic acid or pentamethacrylic acid esters of pentols including adonitol; hexaacrylic acid or hexamethacrylic acid esters of hexanols including sorbitol, dipentaerythritol, dihydroxy ethyl hydantoin; and mixtures thereof. The binder can also be derived from one or more monofunctional monomers as described in Kang et al. '798. Preferably the binder comprises one or more N,N-disubstituted acrylamide and or N-substituted-N-vinyl-amide monomers as described in Bilkadi et al. '050. More preferably hardcoat layer 26 is derived from a ceramer composition containing about 20% to about 80% ethylenically unsaturated monomers and about 5% to about 40% N,N-disubstituted acrylamide monomer or N-substituted-N-vinyl-amide monomer, based on the total weight of the solids in the ceramer composition.

[0041] Preferably the inorganic particles, binder and any other ingredients in hardcoat layer 26 are chosen so that the cured hardcoat has a refractive index close to that of the substrate. This can help reduce the likelihood of Moire patterns or other visible interference fringes.

[0042] As mentioned above, hardcoat layer 26 can be formed from an aqueous coating composition that is stripped to remove water prior to coating, and optionally diluted with a solvent to assist in coating the composition. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that selection of a desired solvent and solvent level will depend on the nature of the individual ingredients in the hardcoat and on the desired substrate and coating conditions.

[0043] Hardcoat layer 26 can be crosslinked with various agents to increase the internal cohesive strength or durability of the hardcoat. Preferred crosslinking agents have a relatively large number of available functional groups, and include tri and tetra-acrylates, such as pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. When used, the crosslinking agent preferably is less than about 60 parts, and more preferably about 30 to about 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the binder.

[0044] Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that hardcoat layer 26 can contain other optional adjuvants, such as surface treatment agents, surfactants, antistatic agents (e.g., conductive polymers), leveling agents, initiators (e.g., photoinitiators), photosensitizers, UV absorbers, stabilizers, antioxidants, fillers, lubricants, pigments, dyes, plasticizers, suspending agents and the like.

[0045] If hardcoat layer 26 is prepared by combining an aqueous sol of colloidal inorganic oxide particles with the binder precursor, then preferably the sol has a pH such that the particles have a negative surface charge. For example, if the inorganic particles are predominantly silica particles, the sol preferably is alkaline with a pH greater than 7, more preferably greater than 8, and most preferably greater than 9. Preferably the sol includes ammonium hydroxide or the like so that NH₄ ⁺ is available as a counter cation for particles having a negative surface charge. If surface treatment of the colloidal inorganic oxide particles is desired, a suitable surface treatment agent can be blended into the sol, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,833 B1 (Kang et al. '833), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The free-radically curable binder precursor is then added to the ceramer composition. The ceramer composition is stripped to remove substantially all of the water. For example, removing about 98% of the water, thus leaving about 2% water in the ceramer composition, has been found to be suitable. As soon as substantially all of the water is removed, an organic solvent of the type described in Kang et al. '798 preferably is added in an amount such that the ceramer composition includes from about 5% to about 99% by weight solids (preferably about 10% to about 70%). After adding the solvent, the low surface energy fluorinated compound can be added if a blended hardcoat is desired, followed by addition of any other desired adjuvants.

[0046] After coating, the solvent, if any, is flashed off with heat, vacuum, and/or the like. The coated ceramer composition is then cured by irradiation with a suitable form of energy, such as heat energy, visible light, ultraviolet light or electron beam radiation. Irradiating with ultraviolet light in ambient conditions is presently preferred due to the relative low cost and speed of this curing technique.

[0047] The various layers of antireflection film 10 may be bonded to each other or to a display device by one or more layers of adhesive (not shown). The surface of adhesive layer may be relatively smooth or microtextured. Microtexturing helps air bubbles escape, e.g., when the antireflection film is applied to a surface, such as a display screen, and helps provide good optical coupling between the various layers of antireflection film 10 (as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,397). Preferably, the adhesive is transparent or sufficiently translucent so that it will not unduly hamper viewing of an underlying display device. The adhesive may be derived from a natural product (e.g., a rubber-base adhesive) or may be a synthetic material such as a homopolymer, random copolymer, graft copolymer, or block copolymer. The adhesive may be crosslinked or uncrosslinked, and if desired can have pressure-sensitive properties. An accepted quantitative description for pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) is given by the Dahlquist criterion, which indicates that materials having a storage modulus (G′) of less than about 3×10⁵ Pascals (measured at 10 radians/second at room temperature, about 20° C. to 22° C.) have pressure sensitive adhesive properties, while materials having a G′ greater than about 3×10⁵ Pascals do not and are referred to herein as non-pressure sensitive adhesives. Pressure sensitive adhesives are preferably used underneath inorganic layer 16, e.g., between inorganic layer 16 and optional protective layer 22, between inorganic layer 16 and optional light control film 20, or between inorganic layer 16 and optional hardcoat layer 26.

[0048] Adhesives include thermoplastic block copolymer elastomers (copolymers of segmented A and B blocks or segments, displaying both thermoplastic and elastomeric behavior). Useful thermoplastic block copolymer elastomers include multi-block copolymers having radial, linear A-B diblock, and linear A-B-A triblock structures, as well as blends of such copolymers. Suitable commercially available thermoplastic block copolymer elastomers include the SOLPRENE™ family of materials (Philips Petroleum Co.), the FINAPRENE™ family of materials (FINA), the TUFPRENE™ and ASAPRENE™ family of materials (Asahi), the STEREON™ family of materials (Firestone Synthetic Rubber & Latex Co.), the EUROPRENE SOL T™ family of materials (Enichem), the VECTOR™ family of materials (Dexco Polymers), and the CARIFLEX TR™ family of materials (Shell Chemical Co.). Other suitable adhesive materials include highly crosslinked acrylic adhesives, synthetic block copolymer elastomers, silicone elastomers, acrylate elastomers, silicone polyurea elastomers such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,598 (Leir et al.), the SEPTON™ family of materials (Kuraray Co. Ltd.) and the KRATON™ family of materials (Kraton Polymers) such as KRATON D-1101, D-1102, D-1107, D-1111, D-1112, D-1113, D-1114PX, D-1116, D-1117, D-1118, D-1119, D-1122X, D-1124, D-1125PX, D-1160, D-1165, D-1161, D-1184, D-1193, D-1300, D-1320X, D-4141, D-4158, D-4433, RP-6485, RP-6409, RP-6614, RP-6906, RP-6912, G-1650, G-1651, G-1652, G-1654, G-1657, G-1701, G-1702, G-1726, G-1730, G-1750, G-1765, G-1780, FG-1901, FG-1921, FG-1924, and TKG-101. Mixtures of adhesive materials can also be used.

[0049] Any of the various layers of antireflection film 10 may be tinted with a suitable color, such as grey or light brown, in order to impart a desired color to the antireflection film. Antireflection film 10 may also include an infrared blocking component, either as a separate layer (not shown), e.g., a coating, or incorporated into an existing layer, e.g., near infrared absorbing dyes, in order to provide some protection from infrared radiation. An optional antistatic coating (not shown) may be applied on top of polymer layer 18 or an optional antistatic agent may be included in polymer layer 18 in order to discourage dust and other contaminants from adhering to antireflection film 10.

[0050] An optional support layer (not shown) may also be provided beneath inorganic layer 16 and/or beneath substrate 12. Suitable support materials include thermosetting or thermoplastic polymers such as polycarbonate, poly(meth)acrylate (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate or “PMMA”), polyolefins (e.g., polypropylene or “PP”), polyurethane, polyesters (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate or “PET”), polyamides, polyimides, phenolic resins, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, epoxies, and the like. Typically the support layer will be chosen based in part on the desired optical and mechanical properties for the antireflection film. Such mechanical properties typically will include flexibility, dimensional stability and impact resistance. The support layer thickness typically will depend on the intended use of the antireflection film. Films made from polyesters such as PET or polyolefins such as PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene) and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) are particularly preferred.

[0051] The surface of antireflection film 10 may be roughened or textured to provide a matte surface finish or substantially smooth to provide a glossy finish. A matte finish makes the surface of antireflection film 10 easier to write on. A matte finish may be accomplished in a variety of ways that will be familiar to those skilled in the art, including embossing the outermost layer of antireflection film or one of the underlying layers with a suitable tool that has been bead-blasted or otherwise roughened, by adding a suitable small particle filler, e.g., about 10-20 μm in size, such as silica sand or glass beads to one of the layers, or by carrying out the curing of the outermost layer or one of the underlying layers against a suitable roughened master.

[0052] Antireflection films 10 can be converted so that they will fit the display area of a desired display device using techniques that will be familiar to those skilled in the art. Suitable conversion techniques include die cutting, slitting and laser cutting.

[0053] To further illustrate the present invention, the following Example is provided, but the present invention is not to be construed as being limited thereto.

EXAMPLE 1

[0054] An antireflection film with a circular polarizer as the substrate was adhered to a glass ATM. Table 1 summarizes the resulting properties for an antireflection film made according to an embodiment of the present invention. TABLE 1 Property Value Photopic Reflectance (450 nm-650 nm) 1.05% Transmission 38.2%   Pencil hardness  3H Double pass transmittance  2.3%

[0055] The reflectance was evaluated using a spectrophotometer. Double pass transmittance and photopic reflectance measurements were made and recorded as the percent of incident illumination.

[0056] Pencil hardness was measured by using a series of pencils of increasing hardness values ranging from 2H-6H. The pencils were fastened in a handheld rolling test stand under a 1 kg applied load and rolled across the coated substrates for each tested pencil hardness. The coatings were rated based on the highest pencil hardness that did not scratch the coating.

[0057] Various modifications and alterations of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. This invention should not be restricted to that set forth herein for illustrative purposes only. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An antireflection film comprising: a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein the substrate is a circular polarizer, a linear polarizer, or a louvered plastic film; an inorganic layer deposited on the first surface of the substrate; and an optically active polymer layer formed by curing a curable composition in situ on the inorganic layer, the polymer layer having a refractive index not greater than about 1.53 over the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm and a thickness of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm.
 2. The antireflection film of claim 1 wherein the inorganic layer comprises a metal oxide, a nitride, nickel, chromium, silica, or any combination thereof.
 3. The antireflection film of claim 2 wherein the metal oxide is indium oxide, titanium dioxide, nickel oxide, chromium oxide, cadmium oxide, gallium indium oxide, niobium pentoxide, indium tin oxide, tin dioxide, or any combination thereof.
 4. The antireflection film of claim 3 wherein the metal oxide layer has a thickness of from about 10 to about 30 nm and the polymer layer has a thickness of from about 80 nm to about 150 nm.
 5. The antireflection film of claim 2 wherein the nitride is silicon nitride, titanium nitride, or a combination thereof.
 6. The antireflection film of claim 2 wherein the inorganic layer comprises a first metal oxide layer, a silica layer, and a second metal oxide layer, wherein the silica layer is disposed between the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer and wherein the first metal oxide layer is deposited on the first surface of the substrate.
 7. The antireflection film of claim 6 wherein the first metal oxide layer has a thickness of from about 20 nm to about 35 nm, the silica layer has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 25 nm, the second metal oxide layer has a thickness of from about 50 nm to about 100 nm and the polymer layer has a thickness of from about 70 nm to about 120 nm.
 8. The antireflection film of claim 2 wherein the inorganic layer comprises a metal oxide layer and a silica layer, the metal oxide layer being deposited on the first surface of the substrate and the silica layer being deposited on the metal oxide layer.
 9. The antireflection film of claim 8 wherein the metal oxide layer has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 30 nm, the silica layer has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 120 nm, and the polymer layer has a thickness of from about 50 nm to about 130 nm.
 10. The antireflection film of claim 1 wherein the polymer layer comprises repeating units derived from a fluoroalkene, an acrylate with silicone, a methacrylate, a polyfunctional acrylate monomer, or any combination thereof.
 11. The antireflection film of claim 1 wherein the polymer layer comprises repeating units derived from a fluoroalkene and repeating units derived from an acrylate with silicone and wherein the polymer layer has an outer portion enriched in the acrylate with silicone and an inner portion enriched in the fluoroalkene.
 12. The antireflection film of claim 1 wherein the polymer layer comprises repeating units derived from a fluoroalkene and repeating units derived from a methacrylate and wherein the polymer layer has an outer portion enriched in the methacrylate and an inner portion enriched in the fluoroalkene.
 13. The antireflection film of claim 1 wherein the polymer layer further comprises an antistatic agent.
 14. The antireflection film of claim 1 further comprising an antistatic coating disposed on the polymer layer.
 15. The antireflection film of claim 1 further comprising a hardcoat layer disposed between the first surface of the substrate and the inorganic layer.
 16. The antireflection film of claim 15 wherein the hardcoat layer has a thickness of from about 1 μm to about 15 μm.
 17. The antireflection film of claim 15 wherein the hardcoat layer comprises colloidal inorganic oxide particles dispersed in a free-radically cured binder.
 18. The antireflection film of claim 1 further comprising a support layer disposed adjacent to the substrate.
 19. The antireflection film of claim 1 further comprising a louvered plastic layer disposed between the first surface of the substrate and the inorganic layer.
 20. The antireflection film of claim 1 wherein the substrate is a circular polarizer comprising a linear polarizer and a quarter-wavelength retarder, the inorganic layer being adjacent to the linear polarizer.
 21. The antireflection film of claim 1 further comprising an adhesive layer.
 22. The antireflection film of claim 21 wherein the adhesive layer is microtextured.
 23. The antireflection film of claim 1 further comprising an infrared blocking component.
 24. The antireflection film of claim 1 further comprises a protective layer disposed adjacent to the substrate.
 25. An optical system comprising: a display device; and an antireflection film disposed on the display device, wherein the antireflection film comprises a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein the substrate is a circular polarizer, a linear polarizer, or a louvered plastic film, an inorganic layer deposited on the first surface of the substrate, and an optically active polymer layer formed by curing a curable composition in situ on the inorganic layer, the polymer layer having a refractive index not greater than about 1.53 over the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm and a thickness of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm.
 26. The optical system of claim 25 wherein the display device is a personal digital assistant, an automated teller machine, a cellular phone, a touch-sensitive screen, a wrist watch, a car navigation system, a dashboard, a global positioning system, a depth finder, a calculator, a handheld electronic game player, an electronic book, a CD player, a DVD player, a projection television screen, a computer monitor, a notebook computer display, an instrument gauge, a tablet personal computer, or an LCD television.
 27. The optical system of claim 25 wherein the antireflection film further comprises a louvered plastic layer disposed between the first surface of the substrate and the inorganic layer.
 28. The optical system of claim 25 wherein the substrate is a circular polarizer comprising a linear polarizer and a quarter-wavelength retarder, the inorganic layer being adjacent to the linear polarizer.
 29. The optical system of claim 25 wherein the antireflection film further comprises a protective layer disposed adjacent to the substrate.
 30. The optical system of claim 25 wherein the antireflection film further comprises an adhesive layer.
 31. The optical system of claim 25 wherein the antireflection film further comprises a hardcoat layer disposed between the first surface of the substrate and the inorganic layer.
 32. A method for producing an antireflection film comprising: providing a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein the substrate is a circular polarizer, a linear polarizer, or a louvered plastic film; depositing an inorganic layer on the first surface of the substrate; depositing a layer of a curable composition on the inorganic layer; and curing the deposited curable composition to form an optically active polymer layer having a thickness of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm and a refractive index not greater than about 1.53 over the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm.
 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the inorganic layer is formed from a metal oxide, a nitride, nickel, chromium, silica, or any combination thereof.
 34. The method of claim 32 wherein the metal oxide is indium oxide, titanium dioxide, nickel oxide, chromium oxide, cadmium oxide, gallium indium oxide, niobium pentoxide, indium tin oxide, tin dioxhide, or any combination thereof.
 35. The method of claim 32 wherein the metal oxide layer has a thickness of from about 10 to about 30 nm and the polymer layer has a thickness of from about 80 nm to about 150 nm.
 36. The method of claim 32 wherein the nitride is silicon nitride, titanium nitride, or a combination thereof.
 37. The method of claim 32 wherein the inorganic layer depositing step comprises depositing a first metal oxide layer on the first surface of the substrate; depositing a silica layer on the first metal oxide layer; and depositing a second metal oxide layer on the silica layer.
 38. The method of claim 37 wherein the first metal oxide layer has a thickness of from about 20 nm to about 35 nm, the silica layer has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 25 nm, the second metal oxide layer has a thickness of from about 50 nm to about 100 nm, and the polymer layer has a thickness of from about 70 nm to about 120 nm.
 39. The method of claim 32 wherein the inorganic layer depositing step comprises depositing a metal oxide layer on the first surface of the substrate; and depositing a silica layer on the metal oxide layer.
 40. The method of claim 39 wherein the metal oxide layer has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 30 nm, the silica layer has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 120 nm, and the polymer layer has a thickness of from about 50 nm to about 130 nm.
 41. The method of claim 32 wherein the curable composition comprises a fluoroalkene polymer, an acrylate with silicone polymer, a methacrylate polymer, a polyfunctional acrylate monomer, or any combination thereof.
 42. The method of claim 32 wherein the curable composition comprises a fluoroalkene polymer and an acrylate with silicone polymer, the curing causing segregation of material within the polymer layer producing an outer portion enriched in the acrylate with silicone and an inner portion enriched in the fluoroalkene.
 43. The method of claim 32 wherein the curable composition comprises a fluoroalkene polymer and a methacrylate polymer, the curing causing segregation of material within the polymer layer producing an outer portion enriched in the methacrylate and an inner portion enriched in the fluoroalkene.
 44. The method of claim 32 further comprising depositing a hardcoat on the first surface of the substrate before the inorganic layer is deposited thereon.
 45. The method of claim 32 further comprising disposing a support layer adjacent to the substrate.
 46. The method of claim 32 further comprising disposing a louvered plastic layer on the first surface of the substrate before the inorganic layer is deposited thereon.
 47. The method of claim 32 further comprising depositing an adhesive layer.
 48. The method of claim 32 further comprising disposing a protective layer adjacent to the substrate.
 49. A method for producing an optical system comprising: providing a display device; and disposing an antireflection film on at least a portion of the display device, the antireflection film comprising a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, wherein the substrate is a circular polarizer, a linear polarizer, or a louvered plastic film, an inorganic layer deposited on the first surface of the substrate, and an optically active polymer layer formed by curing a curable composition in situ on the inorganic layer, the polymer layer having a refractive index not greater than about 1.53 over the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm and a thickness of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm.
 50. The method of claim 49 wherein the display device is a personal digital assistant, an automated teller machine, a cellular phone, a touch-sensitive screen, a wrist watch, a car navigation system, a dashboard, a global positioning system, a depth finder, a calculator, a handheld electronic game player, an electronic book, a CD player, a DVD player, a projection television screen, a computer monitor, a notebook computer display, an instrument gauge, a tablet personal computer, or an LCD television.
 51. The method of claim 49 wherein the antireflection film further comprises a louvered plastic layer disposed between the first surface of the substrate and the inorganic layer.
 52. The method of claim 49 wherein the antireflection film further comprises a support layer disposed adjacent to the substrate.
 53. The method of claim 49 wherein the antireflection film further comprises a protective layer disposed adjacent to the substrate.
 54. The method of claim 49 wherein the antireflection film further comprises a hardcoat layer disposed between the first surface of the substrate and the inorganic layer. 